Costa offers $14,460 per person for ruined cruise

In this undated photo released by the Italian Navy Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012, the Costa Concordia cruise ship is seen grounded off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Italian Navy)

In this undated photo released by the Italian Navy Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012, the Costa Concordia cruise ship is seen grounded off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Italian Navy)

Seagulls stand on a rock near the grounded cruise ship Costa Concordia off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy, Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Pier Paolo Cito)

A view of the grounded cruise ship Costa Concordia off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy, Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Pier Paolo Cito)

Italian firefighters, top, work on the grounded cruise ship Costa Concordia off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy, as Italian Financial police scuba divers prepare to dive, bottom, Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Pier Paolo Cito)

Italian Navy scuba divers gestures as they return after assignment of the grounded cruise ship Costa Concordia off the Tuscan island of Giglio, Italy, Thursday, Jan. 26, 2012. Italian authorities have identified the bodies of three German passengers as divers kept up the search for those still missing from the Costa Concordia cruise ship that rammed into a reef off Italy. Sixteen deaths have been confirmed so far in the disaster, but three of those bodies have yet to be identified. Another 16 people are still missing from the ship, which grounded Jan. 13, but officials have acknowledged that it would take a miracle to find any more survivors. Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies very close to a marine sanctuary. (AP Photo/Pier Paolo Cito)

ROME (AP) ? Costa Crociere SpA is offering uninjured passengers euro11,000 ($14,460) apiece to compensate them for lost baggage and psychological trauma after its cruise ship ran aground and capsized off Tuscany when the captain deviated from his route.

Costa, a unit of the world's biggest cruise operator, the Miami-based Carnival Corp., also said it would reimburse passengers the full costs of their cruise, travel expenses and any medical expenses sustained after the grounding.

The agreement was announced Friday after negotiations between Costa representatives and Italian consumer groups who say they represent 3,206 cruise ship passengers from 61 countries who suffered no physical harm when the Costa Concordia hit a reef on Jan. 13.

The deal does not apply to the hundreds of crew on the ship, the roughly 100 cases of people injured or the families who lost loved ones.

Passengers are free to pursue legal action on their own if they aren't satisfied with the deal.

Some consumer groups have already signed on as injured parties in the criminal case against the Concordia's captain, Francesco Schettino, who is accused of manslaughter, causing a shipwreck and abandoning the ship before all passengers were evacuated. He is under house arrest.

In addition, Codacons, one of Italy's best known consumer groups, has engaged two U.S. law firms to launch a class-action lawsuit against Costa and Carnival in Miami, claiming that it expects to get anywhere from euro125,000 ($164,000) to euro1 million ($1.3 million) per passenger.

But Roberto Corbella, who represented Costa in the negotiations, said the deal offered Friday provides passengers with quick, "generous," and certain restitution that consumer groups estimate could amount to some euro14,000 per passenger including the reimbursements.

"The big advantage that they have is an immediate response, no legal expenses, and they can put this whole thing behind them," he told The Associated Press.

Angry passenger Herbert Greszuk, a 62-year-old German who left behind everything he had with him, including his tuxedo, camera, jewelry, and even his dentures, told the AP before the compensation was announced that it was an issue of accountability.

"Something like this must not be allowed to happen again. So many people died; it's simply inexcusable," he said.

The Concordia gashed its hull on reefs off the island of Giglio after Schettino made an unauthorized deviation from its approved route to bring it closer to Giglio. Some 4,200 passengers and crew were hastily evacuated after the Concordia ran aground and capsized a few kilometers away near the port of Giglio.

Sixteen bodies have been recovered and another 16 remain unaccounted for and presumed dead. Search efforts for them resumed Friday as salvage crews prepared to begin extracting some 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil before it leaks.

Italy's civil protection office on Friday released a list of some of the other possibly toxic substances aboard the cruise liner amid concerns of possible environmental pollution. They include 50 liters of insecticide and 41 cubic meters of lubricants, among other things.

But so far, even though there has been some film detected in the waters around the ship, tests on the waters indicate nothing outside the norm, according to Tuscany's regional environment agency.

"Toxic tests have all resulted negative," the agency said. "For now, there are no significant signs of sea water pollution."

The crystal clear seas around Giglio are a haven for scuba divers and form part of a marine sanctuary for dolphins, porpoises and whales.

Passengers have said the evacuation was chaotic, with crew members unprepared to deal with an emergency and constantly downplaying the seriousness of the situation. Coast guard data shows the captain only sounded the evacuation alarm an hour after the initial collision, well after the Concordia had listed to the point that many lifeboats couldn't be lowered.

Schettino has admitted he had taken the ship on "touristic navigation" near Giglio but has said the rocks he hit weren't charted on his nautical maps.

Codacons has called for a criminal investigation into the not-infrequent practice of "tourist navigation" ? steering huge cruise ships close to shore in a publicity stunt to give passengers a view of the sites.

The chief executive of Costa, Pier Luigi Foschi, told an Italian parliamentary committee this week that "tourist navigation" wasn't illegal, and was a "cruise product" increasingly sought out by passengers and offered by cruise lines to try to stay competitive.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-01-27-EU-Italy-Cruise-Aground/id-000bdbe5538e45a482477603fe260742

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OMG! Alaska Airlines discontinues controversial prayer cards

A collection of Alaska Airlines prayer cards, which will be discontinued on Feb. 1, 2012.

By Harriet Baskas, msnbc.com contributor

In a memo sent to its frequent fliers Wednesday, Alaska Airlines announced that the prayer cards it has been providing to passengers on meal trays for the past 30 years will be discontinued as of Feb. 1.

?A former marketing executive borrowed the idea from another airline and introduced the cards to our passengers in the late 1970s to differentiate our service,? the memo written by the company's chairman and president explained.

But airline spokesperson Bobbie Egan told msnbc.com that over the years the airline has received letters and e-mails from customers for and against the card. Last fall the company decided to stop distributing the cards because, Egan said, ?We believe it's the right thing to do in order to respect the diverse religious beliefs and cultural attitudes of all our customers and employees.?

Meal tray service in the coach class ended six years ago, so the prayer cards have been provided only to passengers in the first class cabin. MVP Gold flier Roz Schatman gets the cards on her meal tray quite often. ?In the spirit of diversity, I find them offensive,? she said.

Live Poll

Would you be offended by a prayer card?

The Alaska Airline statement said that while some passengers enjoyed the cards, reactions like Schatman?s were not unusual.

??[W]e've heard from many of you who believe religion is inappropriate on an airplane, and some are offended when we hand out the cards. Religious beliefs are deeply personal and sharing them with others is an individual choice.?

?It always seemed odd to me,? said George Hobica of the consumer travel website Airfarewatchdog.com. ?Flying on a wing and prayer? I don?t think those two go together.?

More stories:

Find more by Harriet Baskas on StuckatTheAirport.com and follow her on Twitter.

Source: http://overheadbin.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/25/10236415-omg-alaska-airlines-discontinues-controversial-prayer-cards

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Discovery identifies potential target for anti-craving medications

Wednesday, January 25, 2012

Scientists at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) have identified a potential target for the development of anti-craving medications for people with addictions to stimulants such as methamphetamine.

The discovery centres on a brain receptor related to the chemical dopamine, which has a complex role in addictive behaviours.

Using brain scans and a novel chemical probe developed in CAMH's Research Imaging Centre, CAMH scientists found that the probe had high levels of binding to the dopamine D3 receptor in some people with methamphetamine addiction, compared with those who had no addiction. Higher levels of D3 were also linked to participants' reported motivation to take drugs.

"This is the first time, to our knowledge, that anyone has shown that D3 receptor levels are high in people with an active addiction to methamphetamine," says Dr. Isabelle Boileau, a scientist in the Research Imaging Centre, part of the new Campbell Family Research Institute at CAMH. Boileau led the study that appears in the January 25, 2012 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience.

Using positron emission tomography (PET), Boileau's team looked at D3 levels in 16 people who were dependent on methamphetamine. Participants abstained from methamphetamine use for 14 days prior to brain scans. Their results were compared with scans from 16 participants with no addiction. On a separate day after scanning, participants were given a low dose of amphetamine, and they had to report how much they wanted to use drugs.

D3 receptors appear to have a role in craving, but it is not fully established how they are related to drug-related behaviours. The new chemical probe developed at CAMH, called 11C-(+)-PHNO, binds to dopamine D3 receptors. This probe allows researchers to study D3 in people for the first time, using PET scans, in order to answer questions about its role in stimulant addiction.

Understanding the role of brain receptors in addiction has enabled researchers to develop treatment medications, such as nicotine replacement therapy for smoking. So far, therapeutic strategies for stimulant addiction have focused on increasing activity with D2 receptors, where binding levels have been low.

"We can now suggest that any therapeutic approach aimed at increasing activity with D2 receptors should consider being selective at targeting D2, and not increasing D3 levels," says Boileau. "Our finding also supports the idea that D3 should be considered another target for anti-craving medications."

Boileau is also looking at the role of D3 in different types of addictions, including cocaine and gambling.

Building on CAMH?s record of innovation and discovery, the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute will be accelerating discoveries in the areas of mood disorders, addictions, schizophrenia and cognitive impairment.

CAMH?s Research Imaging Centre is the first of its kind in Canada where positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and imaging-genetics are dedicated to the study of mental illness and addictions.

This new discovery is an example of the innovative brain science at CAMH's new Research Imaging Centre, the first of its kind in Canada where positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetic imaging are dedicated to the study of mental illness and addictions.

###

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: http://www.camh.net

Thanks to Centre for Addiction and Mental Health for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 49 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/117047/Discovery_identifies_potential_target_for_anti_craving_medications_

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Video: First Read Minute

NBC's Domenico Montanaro discusses the highlights from the State of the Union and previews the newest Florida GOP Primary poll.

Related Links:

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Source: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/46132604/

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Black adorned feathers of winged dinosaurs

The raven-size creature long thought of as the earliest bird, Archaeopteryx, may have been adorned with black feathers, researchers have found.

The structures that held the black pigment may have strengthened wing feathers, perhaps helping Archaeopteryx fly, scientists added.

Archaeopteryx lived about 150 million years ago in what is now Bavaria in Germany. First unearthed 150 years ago, the fossil of this carnivore, with its blend of avian and reptilian features, seemed an iconic evolutionary link between dinosaurs and birds.

One recent study has called into question whether Archaeopteryx was a true bird or just one of many birdlike dinosaurs. To learn more about whether birds and birdlike dinosaurs might have evolved flight, and if so, why, researchers often turn to the animals' feathers. Illustrations of the creature are often colorful, but such depictions of its plumage until now had little else but artistic license to draw on.

"Being able to reconstruct the colors of feathers can help us gain more knowledge about the organisms and more responsibly reconstruct what they looked like," researcher Ryan Carney, an evolutionary biologist at Brown University, told LiveScience.

Black feathers
An international team of scientists now finds that a well-preserved feather on Archaeopteryx's wing was black. The color-generating structures within the creature's feather, known as melanosomes, "would have given the feathers additional structural support," Carney said. "This would have been advantageous during this early evolutionary stage of dinosaur flight."

The Archaeopteryx feather was discovered in a limestone deposit in Germany in 1861. After two unsuccessful attempts to pinpoint any melanosomes within the feather, the investigators tried a more powerful type of scanning electron microscope.

"The third time was the charm, and we finally found the keys to unlocking the feather's original color, hidden in the rock for the past 150 million years," Carney said.

The group located patches of hundreds of melanosomes encased within the fossil. The sausage-shape melanosomes were about 1 millionth of a meter long and 250 billionths of a meter wide ? that is, about one-hundredth the diameter of a human hair in length and less than a wavelength of visible light in width. To determine the color of these melanosomes, researchers compared the fossilized structures with those found in 87 species of living birds that represented four classes of feathers ? black, gray, brown and ones found in penguins, which have unusually large melanosomes compared with other birds.

"What we found was that the feather was predicted to be black with 95 percent certainty," Carney said.

Did Archaeopteryx fly?
To better pin down the structure of the feather, they analyzed its barbules ? tiny, riblike appendages that overlap and interlock like zippers to give a feather rigidity and strength. The barbules and the way melanosomes are lined up within them are identical to those found in modern birds, Carney said.

This analysis revealed the feather is a covert, one that covers the primary wing feathers that birds use in flight. Its feather structure is identical to that of living birds, suggesting "that completely modern bird feathers evolved as early as 150 million years ago," Carney said.

Color may serve many functions in modern birds, and it remains unclear what use or uses this pigment had in Archaeopteryx. Black feathers may have helped the creature absorb sunlight for heat, acted as camouflage, served in courtship displays or assisted with flight.

"We can't say it's proof that Archaeopteryx was a flier, but what we can say is that in modern bird feathers, these melanosomes provide additional strength and resistance to abrasion from flight, which is why wing feathers and their tips are the most likely areas to be pigmented," Carney said. "With Archaeopteryx, as with birds today, the melanosomes we found would have provided similar structural advantages, regardless of whether the pigmentation initially evolved for another purpose."

More feathers will need to be tested across Archaeopteryx to see how the animal was colored overall, researchers said. Unfortunately, this is the only Archaeopteryx feather discovered with the kind of residues one can test for color.

1. More science news from msnbc.com

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Still, this one feather is enough to leave an indelible mark on Carney. "I got a tattoo of the feather on the 150th anniversary that Archaeopteryx's scientific name was published," he said.

The scientists detailed their findings online Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications. Their work was funded by the National Geographic Society and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.

? 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46116945/ns/technology_and_science-science/

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Summary Box: Siemens quarterly net down 17 percent (AP)

LOSING STEAM: Industrial equipment maker Siemens AG said Tuesday that net profit fell 17 percent to euro1.46 billion ($1.89 billion) in the final quarter of 2011 due to delays in major wind-power and rail projects.

EUROPE DEBT IMPACT: CEO Peter Loescher said the result showed that troubles In financial markets from Europe's debt crisis "have left their mark on the real economy" through weaker demand.

WORLD VIEW: Siemens fortunes are a clue to demand in the global economy, since the company is active far beyond its German home ? in the U.S., Asia and the developing world.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/environment/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120124/ap_on_bi_ge/eu_germany_earns_siemens_summary_box

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Newt blows GOP race wide open (Politico)

COLUMBIA, S.C. ? Less than two weeks ago, Mitt Romney seemed all but certain to become the Republican presidential nominee.

But after being thoroughly routed Saturday by Newt Gingrich in a primary Romney seemed likely to win just days earlier, the GOP frontrunner appears weaker than ever and the race seems likely to last at least until the spring.

Continue Reading

Newt claims victory in S.C.

Winners and losers in 60 seconds

South Carolina historically brings clarity to Republican primary campaigns. This year, the Palmetto State has delivered drama, confusion and sparked a sense of growing concern for party elders.

With three separate candidates taking the first three states, none of the contenders has a convincing hold on the campaign. A contest that appeared increasingly clear following New Hampshire is now scrambled to the point that a protracted delegate battle is a real possibility.

Newt Gingrich heads into Florida emboldened by two assets that will test Romney?s organization and money there: the momentum from a double-digit victory and a conservative base that appears to be coalescing.

But the results here revealed Romney?s weakness as much as they hinted at Gingrich?s potential.

The establishment favorite didn?t just lose South Carolina ? he got thrashed. Less than a week after he was leading in the polls here, Romney found himself taking a twelve-point beating and dropping all but three counties of the state?s 46 counties.

Romney?s thumping defeat ? and his verbal miscues in the days before the election ? has many Republicans worried that he?s a more brittle candidate than they thought. As in the past, he had difficulty connecting with the party base and was walloped by Gingrich among conservatives and voters supportive of the Tea Party. It?s the former speaker who is captivating party activists looking for somebody to channel their burn-it-down anger toward President Obama and elites.

?I think a lot of folks saw some fight from Newt Gingrich, really going on offense, and I think our nominee needs to understand that America is really concerned about the direction of our country,? Sen. Jim DeMint (R-S.C.) said in an interview. ?They know there are powerful forces in Washington and the media pushing us in the wrong direction. They want to make sure that the Republican nominee has got the courage and, you know, fire in his gut to go after that. And I think they saw a little bit of that in Newt.?

But the statement made in South Carolina wasn?t entirely about Gingrich?s attributes. He also served as a vessel for rank-and-file voters to send a message.

?The Republican primary electorate does not intend to do what the Republican establishment tells them,? said Rep. Tom Cole (R-Okla.), a longtime strategist, comparing voters here to the independent-minded class of House GOP freshman.

It was impossible not to see the results as an indictment of Romney, though. The pulses of conservative activists just don?t go racing for the frontrunner ? and he?s paying a price for his inability to capture his party?s spirit.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/politics/*http%3A//us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/external/politico_rss/rss_politico_mostpop/http___www_politico_com_news_stories0112_71778_html/44262338/SIG=11mjvoaiq/*http%3A//www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71778.html

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Physicists use ion beams to detect art forgery

Saturday, January 21, 2012

University of Notre Dame nuclear physicists Philippe Collon and Michael Wiescher are using accelerated ion beams to pinpoint the age and origin of material used in pottery, painting, metalwork and other art. The results of their tests can serve as powerful forensic tools to reveal counterfeit art work, without the destruction of any sample as required in some chemical analysis.

Their research is featured on the front cover of the current issue of Physics Today in an article titled, "Accelerated ion beams for art forensics." Wiescher and Collon say, "Art experts play an important role in identifying the style, history and context of a painting, but a solid scientific basis for the proper identification and classification of a piece of art must rely on information from other sources.

"A host of approaches with origins in biology, chemistry and physics have allowed scientists and art historians not only to look below a painting's or artifact's surface, but also to analyze in detail the pigments used, investigate painting techniques and modifications done by the artist or art restorers, find trace materials that reveal ages and provenances, and more," Wiescher and Collon continue.

The information that is revealed can shed light on trading patterns, economic conditions and other details of history. For example, the amount of silver in Roman coins can indicate the degree of inflation in the ancient economy.

Laboratories in Europe, including several in Italy and one in the basement of the Louvre in Paris, have accelerators dedicated to the forensic analysis of art, and archaeological artifacts. These accelerator-based techniques have allowed not only to analyze the works themselves, but also to determine origin, trade and migration routes as well as dietary information. As an example, the analysis of the ruby eyes in a Babylonian statue of the goddess Ishtar using the Louvre's accelerator showed that the rubies came from a mine in Vietnam, demonstrating that trade occurred between those far-apart regions some 4,000 years ago.

At Notre Dame, researchers are using proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS) to study artifacts brought by local archeologists, Native American cultures in the American Southwest and the Snite Museum of Art extensive collection of Mezzo-American figurines.

Wiescher, the Frank M. Freimann Professor of Physics, and Collon, associate professor of physics, are using their findings to teach undergraduates. Wiescher initially developed the undergraduate physics class called Physical Methods in Art and Archaeology, and now Collon teaches the class which attracts students from nearly every major. The course covers topics such as X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption, proton-induced X-ray emission, neutron-induced activation analysis, radiocarbon dating, accelerator mass spectroscopy, luminescence dating, and methods of archeometry.

###

University of Notre Dame: http://www.nd.edu

Thanks to University of Notre Dame for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 194 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/116915/Physicists_use_ion_beams_to_detect_art_forgery

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Video: The Goldfinger Mystery, Part 1

[unable to retrieve full-text content]

Pamela Fayed, a mother of two, was stabbed to death in broad daylight in a busy parking garage on July 28, 2008. She and her husband, Jim, were in the middle of a bitter divorce. But security video proved he couldn't have stabbed his wife. Dateline NBC's Josh Mankiewicz reports.?(Dateline)

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032600/vp/46079270#46079270

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Low temperatures enhance ozone degradation above the Arctic

Friday, January 20, 2012

Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the Arctic so far: The mechanisms leading to the first ozone hole above the North Pole were studied by scientists of the KIT Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK). According to these studies, further cooling of the ozone layer may enhance the influence of ozone-destroying substances, e.g. chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), such that repeated occurrence of an ozone hole above the Arctic has to be expected.

About a year ago, IMK scientists, together with colleagues from Oxford, detected that ozone degradation above the Arctic for the first time reached an extent comparable to that of the ozone hole above the South Pole. Then, the KIT researchers studied the mechanisms behind. Their results have now been published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

According to IMK studies, occurrence of the Arctic ozone hole was mainly due to the extraordinarily cold temperatures in the ozone layer that is located at about 18 km height in the stratosphere, i.e. the second layer of the earth's atmosphere. There, chlorine compounds originating from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC, e.g. greenhouse gases and refrigerants) and other pollutants are converted chemically at temperatures below -78?C. These chemical conversion products attack the ozone layer and destroy it partly. One of the main statements in the study: If the trend to colder temperatures in the stratosphere observed in the past decades will continue, repeated occurrence of an Arctic ozone hole has to be expected.

The team of IMK researchers analyzed measurements of the chemical composition of the atmosphere by the MIPAS satellite instrument developed by KIT. In addition, model calculations were made to determine concrete effects of further cooling of the ozone layer. "We found that further decrease in temperature by just 1?C would be sufficient to cause a nearly complete destruction of the Arctic ozone layer in certain areas," says Dr. Bj?rn-Martin Sinnhuber, main author of the study. Observations over the past thirty years indicate that the stratosphere in cold Arctic winters cooled down by about 1?C per decade on the average. According to Sinnhuber, further development of the ozone layer will consequently be influenced also by climate change. He points out that the increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will warm up the bottom air layers near the ground due to the reflection of part of the thermal radiation by the bottom layer of the atmosphere towards the earth's surface, but also result in a cooling of the air layers of the stratosphere above, where the ozone layer is located.

After the first discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in the mid-1980s, CFCs were rapidly identified to be the cause and their use was prohibited by the Montreal Protocol of 1987. However, it will take decades until these substances will have been removed completely from the atmosphere. "Future cooling of the stratosphere would enhance and extend the impacts of these substances on the ozone layer," says Dr. Bj?rn-Martin Sinnhuber. It is now necessary to study potential feedbacks on climate change.

The present study is embedded in long-term programs of IMK in this field. In December, the researchers started a new measurement campaign in the Arctic ozone layer in Northern Sweden using a high-altitude aircraft. Again, they encountered extraordinarily low temperatures. However, it is not yet possible to predict whether temperatures will be low enough over a longer term to cause a comparably large degradation of ozone in this winter.

###

Geophysical Research Letters, volume 38, doi:10.1029/2011GL049784.

Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres: http://www.helmholtz.de/en/index.html

Thanks to Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/116860/Low_temperatures_enhance_ozone_degradation_above_the_Arctic

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The Amazing Artist Who Lets the Real World Paint His Pictures [Image Cache]

Some street artists paint awesome murals. Some leave thought-provoking installations in public spaces. That's pretty cool. But Russian artist Pavel Puhov uses urban objects as his muse—in a very serious way. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/OiJ0DTwR1O8/

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What happens to WWE in Vegas?

Tonight at 8/7 CT, the squared circle will once again take the entertainment capital of the world by storm, as WWE presents ?Sin City SmackDown? from Las Vegas! (FULL SMACKDOWN COVERAGE)

Whenever WWE passes through Vegas, things always end up taking a turn for the unusual. In the advent of Raw Roulette in 2002, then-General Manager Eric Bischoff placed a variety of match stipulations on a roulette wheel, spinning it to decide the fate of each match that night. Superstars quickly found themselves at the cruel mercy of the wheel, whether they were made to compete in?brutal matches like Tables, Ladders and Chairs or something much stranger. (RAW ROULETTE PHOTOS)

Take William Regal, for example. In the same Raw Roulette event, The English Superstar pleaded with Bischoff to skip the spin of the wheel and let him just have a normal match?against Goldust. The General Manager would not bend, spinning the wheel to determine the fate of the two opponents. When it landed on ?Vegas Showgirl Match,? Bischoff, with a wry smile, explained that the competitors would be doing battle in gaudy showgirl outfits.

While The Bizarre One reveled in the opportunity to put a few extra feathers on, Regal tried mightily to avoid the embarrassment. Security had to drag the British Superstar into the arena, where he struggled to walk down the ramp in ruby-red heels while adjusting his sparkling bra as the Las Vegas crowd laughed.

Not even The Game was safe from the wheel. On that same night in Vegas, then-World Heavyweight Champion Triple H was forced to face D?Lo Brown in a Blindfold Match, something only seen a handful of times throughout WWE history. The Cerebral Assassin lived up to his nickname that night, outsmarting his opponent ? with an assist from Ric Flair that allowed him to lift his blindfold and claim victory.

Nearly nine years later, the Raw Roulette wheel would still be wreaking havoc in Vegas. It provided a favorable position for Kofi Kingston, giving The Dreadlocked Dynamo a ?Player?s Choice? of stipulations for his match against Dolph Ziggler. The high flyer chose to ban Vickie Guerrero from ringside, evening the odds and helping Kingston gain a victory over his rival in Sin City.

Still, the most infamous moment in Raw Roulette would have nothing to do with the spin of a wheel. CM Punk had promised that he would be doing something major as the expiration of his WWE contract approached. The Straight Edge Superstar lived up to that promise on this night. After costing WWE Champion John Cena his Tables Match against R-Truth during the main event of Raw Roulette 2011, Punk grabbed a microphone.

The Second City Saint then marched to the top of the stage, sat down, crossed his legs and went on a tirade, targeting WWE Chairman Mr. McMahon, COO Triple H and the WWE Universe. The shockwaves of Punk?s rant are still being felt to this day and have brought the Chicago native two WWE Championship reigns.

If Raw Roulette is any indication of what can happen when the WWE comes to Las Vegas, then expect the unexpected this Friday night. There?s already two major contests set to take place. Daniel Bryan will defend his World Heavyweight Championship against Mark Henry and Wade Barrett will try to tame the wild temper of The Great White, Sheamus.

Anything can happen in WWE, and that seems to be especially true in Las Vegas. Tune in to see what weird, wild and exciting things will take place on ?Sin City SmackDown,? tonight at 8/7C on SyFy.

Source: http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2012-01-13/what-happens-to-wwe-in-vegas

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Miley Cyrus Spends $50,000 to Lose 15 Pounds!

It was hard not to notice Miley Cyrus? pared-down physique at the January 11 People?s Choice Awards. A pal tells In Touch, the teen ? who packed on the pounds late last year ? enlisted the help of a nutritionist, chef and her old personal trainer, Harley Pasternak, to whip herself into bikini-ready shape ahead of her recent Hawaiian getaway with boyfriend Liam Hemsworth. ?Miley probably spent $50,000 to lose 15 pounds in a few weeks,? the friend says. ?She didn?t care what it cost as long as she looked good!?

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/InTouchWeekly/~3/j8x2kEqddhw/miley_cyrus_spends_50000_to_lo.php

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Let Ron Paul Fly First Class; He's Still Saving the Treasury Money (ContributorNetwork)

COMMENTARY | Ron Paul isn't the most frugal member of Congress when it comes to booking his airline tickets, but he's not alone either. According to the Associated Press, Paul's congressional office frequently purchased more expensive airline tickets for the Texas congressman instead of using discounted airfare sites that would have saved the government money.

This is an example of examining an issue way too close. Granted, there are plenty of trips back home to meet constituents that can be planned well in advance. But watch C-SPAN just once and it's readily apparent the House and Senate keep odd schedules. Extended debate and prolonged votes can make it difficult for a member of Congress to know exactly when they will be able to leave Washington for their home state. Last-minute flight changes require a more expensive type of airline ticket, so it might just be easier to pay what they pay. I don't know -- it's not my job.

Huffington Post reported Paul has returned a portion of his office allowance back to the Treasury every year. That means even if he isn't the most frugal travel shopper, he does save money in other ways.

Associated Press looked into the travel habits of Minnesota Rep. Michele Bachmann and Paul -- the two members of Congress who were running for the GOP presidential nomination at the time. Bachmann's office provided the AP with some documents, but Paul's office provided everything that was requested. It's unlikely either candidate was hiding anything, but it's more likely there really isn't a news story here.

Paul also took advantage of first-class seating even when lower cost seats were available for the government to purchase. I'm certainly no Paul fan, but I can't blame a congressman for wanting a larger seat where he can unwind and, perhaps even catch up on correspondence and reading materials. I doubt he uses that flight time for those purposes, but it's nice to think it might happen.

Bottom line: Let the man fly first class. He's still saving money in other ways.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/politicsopinion/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20120117/cm_ac/10843173_let_ron_paul_fly_first_class_hes_still_saving_the_treasury_money

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GOP NJ Sen. Kyrillos to run for US Senate (AP)

TRENTON, N.J. ? New Jersey Sen. Joseph Kyrillos announced Thursday he intends to seek the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate to run against Democratic Sen. Bob Menendez in November.

The 51-year-old Monmouth County legislator said he converted his federal exploratory committee to a campaign account and will formally announce his candidacy soon.

"As the father of two young children, I believe we can and must restore the limitless opportunities and freedom that made America great and inspired people like my own father to immigrate to this country," Kyrillos said in a statement.

A message left with Menendez's Washington office was not immediately returned.

Kyrillos is a long-time friend of Gov. Chris Christie and has been the governor's closest GOP ally in the Legislature. Kyrillos chaired Christie's successful 2009 campaign for governor and Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential bid in New Jersey. Christie and his wife were the match-makers for Kyrillos and his wife, Susan.

"Joe has been a good friend of mine for nearly 20 years, as has his wife, and they are wonderful people," Christie said. "New Jersey would be extraordinarily well-served if Joe Kyrillos wound up in the United States Senate."

A 24-year veteran of the New Jersey Legislature, Kyrillos would face an uphill battle against the better-known and well-financed Menendez, especially with President Obama at the top of the ticket.

First, he'll have to get through a GOP primary that could include Hunterdon County conservative Sen. Michael Doherty and Tea Partier Anna Little. Conservative Ian Linker is the only other declared Republican candidate so far.

Recent polling data shows a 12 percentage point gap between Menendez and his closest challenger. The Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll released last week showed Menendez beating both Kyrillos and Little by a margin of 43-31 percent. The poll had a margin of error of plus or minus 3.5 percent. It did not include Doherty or Linker.

Kyrillos formed a federal exploratory committee in June. At the time, he said he was exploring ways to serve the country beyond the New Jersey Legislature.

Menendez, the son of immigrants who grew up in Union City, has been in Washington since 1993, first in the House before moving up to Senate in 2006.

He is known as a fierce political competitor who came up through the rough-and-tumble world of Hudson County politics.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/uscongress/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120119/ap_on_el_se/us_us_senate_kyrillos

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Video: Will Romney?s taxes become his campaign?s greatest vulnerability?

Silva: Breaking down AFC, NFC championship games

Silva: The NFL's crucial weekend has arrived. Four teams, two title games and the winners advance to Super Bowl XLVI. Here's breakdown of the divisional games this weekend, which focuses on each team's strengths, weaknesses, X-factors and the keys to winning.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036697/vp/46046378#46046378

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New details in Mont. teacher's disappearance?

Authorities investigating the reported death of a Montana school teacher planned to hold a news conference Monday as new details emerged about the 43-year-old Sherry Arnold's mysterious disappearance.

Law officers released the names of two men being held in the case. Lester Vann Waters Jr., 47, and Michael Keith Spell, 22, both of Parachute, Colo., were in the Williams County Correctional Center in Williston, N.D., awaiting extradition to Montana, authorities said.

On Sunday, authorities asked land owners in parts of Montana and North Dakota to check vacant farmsteads for signs of disturbed soil or matted grass, saying her body might be buried at such a site.

Story: FBI seeks possible burial site of missing teacher

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The FBI issued a statement late Sunday saying the body of the Sidney, Mont., woman might be buried in a "shelter belt," or a line of trees that protects soil from the wind.

The agency asked that property owners in three North Dakota counties ? Williams, McKenzie and Mountrail ? and in extreme northeastern Montana check vacant farmsteads for signs of disturbed soil or matted grass. Landowners who discover something unusual should not disturb the area, but call authorities, the FBI said.

"Based on investigative evidence gathered over the last few days, it is believed that Ms. Arnold may be deceased," FBI spokeswoman Debbie Bertram said in a statement. "Her body has not been recovered."

Williams County Sheriff's Deputy Jon Garrison said Walters and Spell face aggravated kidnapping charges in Montana.

Officials said Waters and Spell were brought to the Williston jail Friday. They declined to release where or how the men were taken into custody, but said earlier they had received a tip on a phone hotline.

The jail is about 46 miles from Sidney, where officials say Arnold disappeared while on an early-morning run along a truck route on the edge of the oil boom town of more than 5,500 residents.

Sidney school officials posted a statement online Friday saying they learned of Arnold's death that day. The statement provided no details.

Running shoe found
In the days after Arnold disappeared, hundreds of residents, police, firefighters and others combed the town and surrounding countryside without success.

The only clue that has been publicly released was that one of Arnold's shoes was found along her running route.

Arnold and her husband, Gary Arnold, have five children combined from prior marriages. Two live at home and attend the same school system where Sherry Arnold worked for the past 18 years.

Sherry Arnold's disappearance has taken a toll on the town, and "it's not over," Sidney Mayor Bret Smelser said Sunday.

"We're angry. We're frustrated," Smelser told The Associated Press. "But our concern is with Sherry's family and friends. And whatever support we can give to get them through this, that's what we'll do."

? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46013196/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/

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Santorum fights back against critics with barbs

Republican presidential candidate, former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum gestures on the USS Yorktown, Tuesday, Jan. 17, 2012, in Mount Pleasant, S.C. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Republican presidential candidate, former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum gestures on the USS Yorktown, Tuesday, Jan. 17, 2012, in Mount Pleasant, S.C. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

Republican presidential candidate, former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum speaks on the USS Yorktown, Tuesday, Jan. 17, 2012, in Mount Pleasant, S.C. (AP Photo/Matt Rourke)

AIKEN, S.C. (AP) ? Searching for traction, Rick Santorum is on the attack these days ? against everyone, it seems.

On Tuesday alone, the Republican presidential candidate branded Mitt Romney a liberal, said Newt Gingrich's policy positions have been "all over the place" and laughed that Ron Paul has been running for president "since 1938."

The more acerbic tone comes as the South Carolina primary looms on Saturday and with polls showing Santorum trailing Romney, the front-runner, and other rivals.

In the effort to claw his way to the front of the pack, Santorum coupled his scathing critiques of his rivals on the campaign trail with a new TV ad that compares Romney to President Barack Obama.

"Obama supported the Wall Street bailouts. So did Romney. Obama gave us radical Obamacare that was based on Romneycare," the ad's narrator says. "Obama's a liberal on social issues. Romney once bragged he's even more liberal than Ted Kennedy on social issues."

The ad then asks: "Why would we ever vote for someone who is just like Obama?"

Santorum urged South Carolina conservatives to coalesce around one of their own or face Romney as the GOP nominee.

"He's got a lot of money, but he doesn't have the convictions, the authenticity nor the record that is necessary to win this election," Santorum told voters. "Please consolidate."

At the same time, he said Gingrich wasn't the best conservative option.

"Newt is bold, but he is all over the place," Santorum continued. "Attacking capitalism, supporting capitalism. Against global warming, for global warming. We need someone who is bold and consistent."

Santorum, often sarcastic as a campaigner, offered this explanation for how Paul, 76, had bested him in the nation's first primary: "Congressman Paul had been running in New Hampshire for president since 1938."

Conservatives appeared to be recognizing their dilemma: Texas Gov. Rick Perry, Gingrich and Santorum all were vying to emerge as the leading alternative to Romney but were fracturing their support.

"We conservatives are splitting the vote," Aiken voter Michele Merritt told Santorum. "Is there not anything that those conservatives can do to get together for the good of the country and try to coalesce behind one person that will be able to take on Romney and win? Because I really, really don't want Romney to get the nomination."

Santorum nodded but stopped short of urging anyone to exit from the race.

"I believe everybody has a right to be in this race if they want to be in this race and fight as hard as they want for as long as they want," he later told reporters in Lexington. "I'm not into political games, or political deals."

Santorum finished a close second in Iowa on a shoestring budget. Fundraising took off after that and he was finally in a position to spend some of the $3 million he raised that week.

Romney's allies, meanwhile, were airing an ad that says Santorum "even voted to let convicted felons vote."

Santorum complained that the TV spot, while referring to "felons," shows someone in an orange prison jumpsuit, suggesting that Santorum would allow them to vote while still incarcerated. Santorum has supported voting rights only for those who have served their sentences and been released.

He called the ad "one of the cheapest shots ever" and said Romney should tell his allies to back off.

"I would never, ever, ever want to be affiliated or associated with anybody doing something for me that I know is blatantly false," Santorum said.

Romney countered that "people who have been released from prison are still called felons if they've committed felonies."

___

Associated Press writers Kasie Hunt and Thomas Beaumont contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-01-17-US-Santorum/id-3357bc7c085a41dfb64952c6ea5402e6

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There's No Such Thing as an Ultrabook [Laptops]

Although we weren't flooded by ultrabooks at CES to quite the extent we expected, the word itself was unavoidable. The skinny-sized laptops abounded, each alluring in its own way! That's when we realized that there's no such thing as an ultrabook. And we shouldn't pretend that there is. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/uVUT0e5jzv4/theres-no-such-thing-as-an-ultrabook

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[OOC] Spy accadamy

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This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "Spy accadamy"

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Tonks

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